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South African Office Sector as an Investment Opportunity - Free Essay Example

SOUTH AFRICAN OFFICE SECTOR AS AN INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION CHAPTER 1: THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1.1Introduction 1.2The research problem statement 1.3The research questions CHAPTER 2: BRIEF REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Real Estate Investment as a Wealth Creation Tool 2.2Real Estate Investment Framework CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COMMERCIAL OFFICE SECTOR 3.1Position of South African Listed Property Sector 3.1.12012 Performance 3.1.22013 Performance 3.1.3First Quarter of 2014 Performance 3.2Status of South African Commercial Property Market 3.2.12012 Performance 3.2.22013 Performance 3.3Condition of South African Office Sector 3.3.1Nominal Gross Market Rental Growth across All Grades of Regional Offices 3.3.2Nominal Growth of Regional A-Grade Office Gross Market Rentals 3.3.3Regional Pioneer-Grade Office Gross Market Rentals 3.3.4Regional A+-Grade Office Gross Mar ket Rentals 3.3.5Regional A+-Grade Covered Reserved Parking Gross Market Rentals 3.3.6Rental Escalation Rates on New Leases across All Grades of Regional Offices 3.3.7Typical Gross Outgoings for All Grades of Regional Prime Offices 3.3.8Escalation Rates on Outgoings across All Grades of Regional Offices 3.3.9Capitalisation Rates for A-Grade Multi-Tenanted Regional Offices 3.3.10Typical Rent Free Periods across All Grades of Regional Offices 3.3.11Regional Vacancies CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1Summary and conclusions 4.2Recommendations references . CHAPTER 1: THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1.1Introduction South Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s four traditional asset classes are equities, property, bonds and cash. As diversification essential to investment strategy, most investors opt to include either listed or unlisted property within their portfolios. According to Jones Lang LaSalle (2014: 5), around R15.8 billion of the R29 billion worth of sale transactions in 2013, an approximate 54.00%, occurred within the South African office sector. The value of transactions in the office sector improved from R7.6 billion in 2012 to R15.8 billion in 2013, an increase of around 109.00%. Approximately 60.00% of all sale transactions in 2013 occurred in the decentralised office nodes of Gauteng alone. The significant increase in the value of transactions was attributed to the aggressive acquisition of quality office properties by listed property funds. The most prominent transaction in 2013 was Growthpointà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchase of The Towers in Alice Lane, Sandton Central Business District (CBD) from Tiber on a 7.40% yield for R563.6 million. Investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ review of the abovementioned data may leave many with the perception that the office sector might currently be the best performing property sector in South Africa. In order to determine the accuracy of such a perception, most investors will conduct a thorough analysis of South Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s listed property sector, professionally managed investment property portfolios and office sector on a nodal basis. 1.2The research problem statement Insufficient research by investors negatively impacts their broader understanding of the South African office sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current performance. 1.3The research questions How has the South African listed property sector been performing in comparison to other asset classes over the short term? How has the South African office sector been performing in relation to the national retail à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and industrial sectors since 2012? How are the various nodes of the South African office sector currently performing? CHAPTER 2: BRIEF REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1What is outsourcing? Outsourcing may be defined as a contractually managed relationship between a vendor and an enterprise whereby the vendor undertakes responsibility for a business function of the enterprise, which may have been performed by in house staff (White and James, 1996, p. XIV; Barett, 1995, p. 124). It can more concisely be described as the contracting of functional specialists to manage business units that lay outside the framework of the organizations principal activities (Dominguez, 2006, p. 5). Quelin and Duhamel describe outsourcing as the operation of shifting a function previously governed internally to an external supplier through a long-term contract, and involving the transfer of staff to the vendor for the firm. According to their definition, five features typify strategic outsourcing: A close link between outsourcing processes and the key success factors of a firm in an industry. The transfer of ownership of a business function previously internalised, often including a transfer of personnel and physical assets to the service provider. A global contract, longer and denser than a classical subcontracting agreement. A long-term commitment between the client and the service provider. A contractual definition of service levels and of each partnerÃÆ' ­s obligations. Outsourcing is a process whereby an organisation transfers a function, previously governed internally, to an external third party via a service level agreement. It generally involves an organisation contractually conferring its staff and management responsibility to an autonomous vendor (Quelin and Duhamel, 2003: 652; Barrett, 1998: 124). Brown and Wilson (2005: 20) define outsourcing as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"act of obtaining services from an external sourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 2.2What can be outsourced? Outsourcing it not limited to services but also embraces business processes. An organisation can outsource any function it considers non-core and supportive of its main business. According to Unnico (2001) services being outsourced by organisations include: Table 1: Services being outsourced Custodial Architecture Trash Security Grounds Food Plant Facilities Management Space Mailroom Records Moves Reprographics Energy Audio Visual Cleanroom Commissioning Logistics Shipping Integrated Facilities Management Subcontractor Management Storeroom Routine Maintenance Production Brown and Wilson (2005: 22-23) states that the most prevalent commercial functions being outsourced by organisations are information technology, administration, distribution and logistics, finance, human resources, manufacturing, contact centres / call centres, sales / marketing, real estate / facilities management and transportation. The most predominant elements of business outsourcing encompass: Table 2: Element of corporate outsourcing Human Resource Services Knowledge and Decision Services Operations Support Services Marketing Services Customer Interaction Services Back Office Transaction Processing Information Technology and Software Operations Finance and Accounting Services 2.3Why outsource? The business environment as we know it changes continuously. The main drivers of such change are the revolution of technology, globalisation and financial pressure. In order for organisations to survive and prosper, it is imperative for them to focus on their core business functions. Core business functions are however reliant on non-core business functions and it is therefore essential for organisations to have a clear strategy to their support operations (Lee and Harris, 2001: 25-29). According to Brown and Wilson (2005: 45-47) the main drivers for outsourcing are: Fast tracking of re-engineering benefits; Access to world-class competencies; Cash injection from selling off assets to third party; Redeployment of internal resources; Need to re-evaluate problematic functions; Release and availability of capital; Enhanced company focus; Risk minimisation; Access to external resources; and Reduced operating costs. 2.4Risks of outsourcing In order for an organisation to decide whether to outsource a business support service or process, it need to study the risks involved with outsourcing. According to According to Hinks and Hanson** (2001: 48-49) the disadvantages of outsourcing are: Inefficient service provision; Non-realisation of projected cost savings linked to outsourcing; Excessive costs relating to the re-absorption of outsourced functions; Vulnerability relative to an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core business; Risk of unexpected collapse of service provider; Fixed term contracted service providers not upgrading technology and training; Service provider experiencing process or information technology failure; Overreliance on service providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s support service; Dishonest behaviour by service provider; Security and confidentiality breaches by service provider; Sabotage by service provider; Breakdown of relationship between an organisation and a service provider; Disconnection between non-core function managed by service provider and core business managed by organisation; Organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitiveness may be affected negatively should a service provider struggle financially and be unable to invest in technological advances; Negative impact on company culture, operations and business objectives; Incompatibility as a result of an organisation and a service providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contrasting business objectives, work practices and business ethics; Reduced strategic input; Value loss due to fragmentation; Strategic dislocation and communication opacity between an organisation and a services provider; and Loss of key staff, expertise and knowledge. 2.5Benefits of outsourcing It is imperative for an organisation to analyse the benefits of outsourcing, and to weigh them up against the risks associated with contracting-out, before marking a decision of whether to outsource or not. According to Hinks and Hanson** (2001: 48-49) the advantages of outsourcing are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reduced / variable overheads; Transfer of overheads from fixed to variable status; Removal of non-core operations allows management and investment to focus on the primary business activity (the core process); Savings in office space and equipment provisions; Possible staff cost reductions; Removal of uncertainty about future costs of maintaining effective and competitive business support; Reduced risk of costly errors arising from ignorance of the non-core practices; Investment risk transfer; Excellence of service can be achieved immediately; The service provider will be dedicated to that activity (no learning curve of division of interests); Access to market competitiveness and technological currency in the service provision; A downsizing of property commitments through outsourcing; Opportunity to get the company service provision out of a rut; The simulation of new solutions to problems from the appropriate mixing of different approaches; Scope for downsizing; Increases options for organisational re-structuring through property and human resource management flexibility; Access to specialist knowledge; Wider career scope for staff; Good in a fast-developing and / or highly technological area; Increased efficiency; Decreased headcount; Decreased cost of service; Access to world-class support; and Transfer of worry and riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 2.6Outsourcing Decision Process Chapter 2 brown and wilson 2.7Role of Facilities Management Service Provider 2.8Selection of Facilities Management Service Provider Chapter 6 brown and Wilson Chapter 5 wiley from 5.9 onwards CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF 3.1Position of South African Listed Property Sector 3.1.12012 Performance CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1Summary and conclusions It is evident from the research conducted, that even though the South African office sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total return improved from 11.90% in 2012 to 13.60% in 2013, the sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance remains inferior to that of the industrial à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and retail sectors. Cape Town CBD remains the best performing city centre in South Africa. The top regional decentralised office nodes are Century City in Cape Town, La Lucia Ridge in Durban, Sandton CBD in Johannesburg and Menlyn in Pretoria. The South African office sector might recover during the course of 2014, should gross domestic product growth and employment figures improve, pending the implementation of the National Development Plan by the South African Government. 4.2Recommendations Investors should ensure that they undertake adequate research in order to establish the true performance of a sector. Inadequate research can result in poor investment decisions. It is evident from the research that even though the office sector achieved the highest total investment transactions value of all three sectors in 2013, it remains the bottom performer in terms of total return. REFERENCES Capgemini and RBC Asset Management, 2013. World Wealth Report 2013. [online] Capgemini and RBC Asset Management. Available at: https://www.capgemini.com/resource-file-access/resource/pdf/wwr_2013_0.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Catalyst Fund Managers, 2013. Listed Property Sector Monthly Overview January 2013. [online] Catalyst Fund Managers. Available at: https://www.catalyst.co.za/documents/fundDocs/monthlyReview/catalystDomestic/2013/monthlyReportJan2013.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Catalyst Fund Managers, 2014a. Listed Property Sector Monthly Overview January 2014. [online] Catalyst Fund Managers. Available at: https://www.catalyst.co.za/documents/fundDocs/monthlyReview/catalystDomestic/2014/monthlyreportJan2014.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Catalyst Fund Managers, 2014b. South African Listed Property Review April 2014. [online] Catalyst Fund Managers. Available at: https://www.catalyst.co.za/documents/fundDocs/monthlyReview/catalystDomestic/2014/Monthly%20Report%20Apr%202014.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Cloete, C.E., 2005. Property Investment in South Africa. 2nd ed. Pretoria: The South African Property Education Trust. IPD, 2013. South African property delivers improved performance in 2012. [press release], 25 March 2013, Available at: https://www.ipd.com/about/media_centre/2013/SAPOA%20%20IPD%20South%20Africa%20Annual%20Property%20Index.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. IPD, 2014. South African property delivers stable yet impressive performance in 2013. [press release], 26 March 2013, Available at: https://www.ipd.com/about/media_centre/news_arc hive/2014/IPD%20South%20Africa%202014%20Annual%20Property%20Index%20PR.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Jones Lang LaSalle, 2014. Commercial Real Estate Transaction Review: South Africa. [online] Jones Lang LaSalle. Available at: https://www.joneslanglasalle.co.za/ResearchLevel1/JLL%20Commercial%20Real%20Estate%20Transaction%20Review%20South%20Africa%202014.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014]. Phyrr, S.A.; Cooper, J.R.; Wofford, L.E.; Kaplin, S.D.; Lapides, P.D., 1989. Real Estate Investment: Strategy, Analysis, Decisions. New York: Wiley. Rode and Associates, 2014. Rodeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Report 2014:1. Bellville: Rode and Associates. SAPOA, 2014. Office Vacancy Survey Report Q1:2014. [online] SAPOA. Available at: https://www.cmsignition.co.za/download/files_1047/SAPOAOfficeVacancyReport_April2014.pdf [Accessed 08 May 2014].

Essay Writing Process

Essay Writing ProcessIf you are writing an ACT essay, then it's not just about putting together the facts and moving on. It also needs to be addressed quickly.People who write their own essays should have a good memory, strong grasp of grammar and have active listening skills. The real trick is to learn how to communicate what you have in your head. Just like writing an essay for any other test, if you don't know how to use the right parts of your mind, you're wasting your time.The process of essay writing is done in three stages: first, the outline, next, the research and finally, the correct structure of the essay. In the first stage, the outline has to be created. This helps the writer to plan what they want to say and to get the important details out. When this is done, the research should be done to identify what is actually being covered in the essay.This can be done by first finding out about the person's overall goals. There are those who prefer to include the essay topic, a short summary of the major points of the essay. If this is included, it will give the writer a clear picture of what they are trying to achieve, what they need to do and the way they intend to do it.Once all this research process is done, the writer needs to check whether there is something else that is missing or is unclear. First, they need to be certain if the topic is interesting or relevant to the person. With this information, the essay writer can move forward and make certain that they don't skip anything that is needed to complete the task. The last thing they need to do is to make sure that the information that they will need to work with is already in front of them.The outline, then, is the tool that can help writers to easily keep track of the main topics of the essay. This helps them to organize their thoughts and learn how to put everything together as they write the essay. Remember, the structure will need to match the format of the essay. All the research will be disc ussed in the context of this subject matter.Research should be done carefully and should be specific. This will help to make sure that it will work within the rules of the essay. There are some researchers who go to great lengths to ensure that the content does not conflict with the topic. If the topic of the essay is general, the essay writer may need to go back and find quotes from expert sources which can support the point they are trying to make.And remember, to be successful, you need to be able to integrate the basic principles into the essay. There is no point in getting a boring, cliched essay if it will not do what you had intended. Research is crucial to getting the perfect essay.