Chemical Engineering

Theme Electrical Sector and Chemical Engineer a) The Chemical Engineer His Role in Electrical Manufacturing by N. R. Maleady The clause is about the role of chemical engineer in manufacturing transformers in the electrical manufacturing sector. The important components of the transformer are copper conducting wire, cellulosic insulation, insulating varnish and dielectric liquid. Wire enamel or resin is the insulting structure for copper wire. The resin can either applied as a solution or in solventless form.Mechanical arrangement and prim temperature between each dip are needed to be controlled to provide necessary multiple coats of resin to cure when resin is applied as a solution. Suitable dies and preheaters must be used when the resin is applied in solventless form to extrude the corporeal on the moving wire. Cellulosic insulation is used to give way metal conducting parts. The cylinder on which the wire is wound is composed of continuously wound root, bound together by s uitable impregnants and adhesives. To produce a stronger cylinder, modifications of the paper and adhensives and method of performance are to be carried out.Insulating varnish is used in the treatment of components parts and assembled units to provide both insulation and mechanical strength. Viscosity of the material is ought to be maintained within certain limits and its electrical properties must be held at a high level through proper periodic filtration. A dielectric liquid askarels (highly refined mineral oils and the newer non-inflammable insulating liquids) is used thoroughly free of propagate for insulating and cooling. impact of assembled finished transformers is an important phrase of work in the transformer manufacture.Firstly, the insulated wire is wound about the cylinder. By applying heat to the unit while under vacuum, the high percentage of water, which is 8% of the weight of the cellulose present in cellulose insulation resulting in the low dielectric strength ma y be removed. Vacuum bake tank is used to provide rapid heating of the units through good air circulation, followed by removal of the absorbed water. By immersing the whole assembly into suitable insulating varnishes, which when cured, give it high mechanical strength to withstand the tremendous short dress circle forces.Separate coils of wire are assembled and mounted on suitable laminated iron cores. The use of hot air baking and high vacuum resulting in high f number air which cuts down the skin resistance of the insulation to heating and the heating-up beat. When the final drying process which is free of both moisture and air have been collard, the dielectric smooth is run into the treating tank to roundly immerse the coils for the absorption of water and allows the units to be handled before dropping into their own enclosures.The contributions of the chemical engineer are many and varied. In both the application of basic chemical knowledge and in the electrical design, th e use of the chemical engineer principles and the solving skills in electrical manufacturing problems helped to supplement the narrow down knowledge of the electric engineer in the processes involving physical and chemical changes.The cooperation of electrical engineers and chemical engineers has created many beneficial and useful tools in our life. b) Getting bookmans to approach microelectronics Processing as Chemical Engineer by Koretsky et al. The article is about the ways of getting students to approach microelectronics bear on as a chemical engineer. About 70% of the B. S. ChE graduates from Oregon State University (OSU) have been employed in the microelectronics industries.To enable the students to apply core ChE skills towards microelectronics processing, experiences in the microelectronics processing are being synthesized into the undergraduate program on four levels Lab-based microelectronics unit operations, Options programs utilizing beautiful Film Materials Processi ng (ChE 444/544), Multiple Engineering Co-op program (MECOP) Internship Program, and Undergraduate Research Projects and the University Honors College.In the lab-based microelectronics unit operations, there are half-dozen unit operations (Plasma Etching, Chemical Vapor Decomposition, Spin Coating, Electrochemical Decomposition, Silicon Oxidation and Chemical Mechanical Planarization) containing complex systems that involve the interaction of physical and chemical processes. Both lab-based and class room based instruction are carried out to reinforce the fundamental engine room science taught in the curriculum. Students are infallible to comprise into the lab based on the Unit Operations Laboratories (ChE 414 and 415) and Thin Film Materials Processing (ChE 444).The first quarter of the two-quarter senior lab sequence (ChE 414) focuses on the students to complete 3 unit operation experiments while the second quarter of the senior lab course (ChE 415) focuses on the students to work independently, develop a project proposal, complete experimental work and write a final technical memorandum. Class room based instruction will give out example sour or homework problems to be integrated into a core chemical engineering science or design course to draw upon core fundamentals.Some abet criteria are also considered in the microelectronics unit operations so that the students can master both technical skills and professional practices (effective oral and written communications, project planning, time management, interpersonal interaction, teamwork, and proactive behavior). Students can choose the program they prefer from transcript visible Options in the microelectronics processing or material science and engineering, but Thin Film Materials Processing (ChE 444) is a must for the students.The course is to help the students to broaden and strengthen the undergraduate ChE curriculum. The Film Materials Processing (ChE 444) is mainly focusing on the application of c ore chemical engineering sciences (transport. kinetics, thermodynamics and reactor design) to thin film process. This approach creates a mind set in the process engineer to apply engineering skills in problem solving. Guest seminars are important feature of this course. Popular industrial scientists are brought to share their industrial perspective and lectures in their areas of specialization.After the seminar, the students are required to submit a critical analysis on the talk to catalyze interest effectively and show the interaction between the speakers and the class. A Final externalize Project consisting of a detailed design of an apparatus for a given thin film process, performed in teams, is a Final Exam for the students. Written overlay have to be prepared to explain and justify the design whereas oral presentation of the design is made to their classmates for critique.The Multiple Engineering Co-op program (MECOP) offers two six-month internship program at different compa nies so that the student gets exposure to contrasting industrial environments. Written applications and an interview process are carried out when placing a student into an internship program. Second interview is held to focus on the students abilities and interests. There are midterm and final appraisals at the fraternity where the intern is working.The interns performance and the companys supervision are evaluated by the intern and the supervisor. The undergraduate research projects and the University Honors College (UHC) play a key role in getting students to approach microelectronics processing as a chemical engineer. Undergraduate research is to promote active learning. Undergraduates work with graduate students on independent, creative research projects to pursue independent semipermanent initiatives and to follow an idea to its logical conclusion.The University Honors College (UHC) Senior Thesis is not only a UHC curriculum, but an incredibly rewarding learning tool that prov ides the students with the skills to undertake comparable projects in their Masters Program or career field. Chemical engineer is a professional skilled in the manufacture of chemical products. They use their specialised chemical knowledge and chemical engineer principles to create functional tools in our life.

A Worn Path: Dementia Essay

lunacy is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior. This disease usually affects the doddery generation. As the human body ages, some aspects of life may not be as easy as they were before. In this paper, I will pour forth about the causes, symptoms, medications, diagnosis, complications, and preventions of Dementia.The causes of Dementia can be heightened. Most types of dementia are nonreversible. Nonreversible means the changes in the brain that are causing the dementia cannot be stop or turned back. Alzheimers disease is the most common type of dementia. Lewy body disease is a leading cause of dementia in elderly adults. People with this condition need abnormal protein structures in certain areas of the brain. Dementia also can be due to many small strokes. This is called vascular dementia. Some other medical conditions that can lead to Dementia are Huntingsons Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Par kinsons disease. Some causes of dementia may be stopped or reversed if they are found soon enough. Some more than causes are brain injury, brain tumor, chronic alcohol abuse, changes in sodium and calcium levels.Dementia usually occurs in older age. It is rare in people under age 60. The risk for dementia increases as a person gets older. Dementia symptoms include difficulty with many areas of mental function. Some symptoms are language, memory, perception, emotional behavior or personality, and cognitive skills such as such as life-sustaining thinking, calculation, and judgment. Dementia usually first appears as forgetfulness. Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging and the development of dementia. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness.Not everyone with MCI develops dementia. Some symptoms of MCI are Difficulty playacting more t han one task at a time, difficulty solving problems or making decisions, forgetting recent events or conversations, taking longer to perform more difficult mental activities. The earlier symptoms of dementia can include Difficulty performing tasks that take some thought, but that used to come easily, such as balancing a checkbook, playing games, and learning new information or routines. Getting lost on familiar routes can also be an early sign of Dementia. Language problems, such as trouble finding the name of familiar objects, losing interest in things you previously enjoyed, flat mood, misplacing items, and personality changes and loss of amicable skills, which can lead to inappropriate behaviors.

Have the Aspirations of the Un’s Founders as Laid Out

The fall in Nations was established at the San Francisco Conference on October 24 1945. The world had just witnessed the failure of the League of Nations to fulfill its purpose, the prevention of a snatch World warfare. Consequently the countries that had opposed Germany and Japan looked to succeed where they had previously failed in promoting a just and quietnessful global community (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 314). The objectives, principles and structure of the organization they hoped would pass on this were recorded in the United Nations plight.Upon entering the UN, segments were required to consent to the set of conditions laid out in this treaty. At the outset there were 51 members. By 2006 this build had grown to include 192 member states, almost encompassing the entire world. Yet whilst the organization has grown in size, the question remains as to whether those aspirations in the beginning laid out in the Charter have actually been met. I will conclude that the United N ations has had some success in its capacity as a humanitarian organization, as well up as being a useful tool helping to solve foreign economic, social and cultural problems. except I believe that the UN remains somewhat impotent with regards to issues of international peace and certificate. The UN Charter is composed of a preamble, followed by numerous articles grouped by thing into a total of 19 chapters. The preamble offers an overview of the hopeful aspirations upon which the UN was founded. The vision that is described consists of four crucial goals. These ar then reiterated in the first chapter in a more formal context. The fist target of the UN is To maintain international peace and security (UN Charter).I will argue that the UN is, and indeed always will be incapable achieving this. The second goal laid out in the Charter is To develop fri annully relations among nations based on respect for the principle of mates rights and self-government of peoples (UN Charter). Thi s effectively promotes the concept of state sovereignty, the idea that each state has the right to govern itself without alien hitch. I will argue that this too is impossible in accordance with UN principles. My case for the failure of the first set out is based upon the principle behind the second end, and visa versa.The case that I put forewords is that the holy man of simultaneously maintaining peace while promoting sovereignty is unattainable. The other aspirations of the UN include solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character as well as promoting and further respect for human rights (UN Charter). I will argue that the UN has indeed had some success in achieving these two objectives. In order to assess whether the United Nations aim to promote international peace and security has been successful, it is first important to have some understanding of the UN tribute Council and the way it functions.Originally it consisted of 11 s tates. In 1965 this number rose to 15. Of these states, five maintain a permanent membership whilst the ten others are elected on a biennial nates. For decisions made by the security department Council to be passed, a majority of 9 of the 15 member states moldiness vote in favor of them. Furthermore this majority must include every one of the permanent member states, effectively granting them veto power over all decisions regarding security.The permanent members consist of the USA, Britain, France, Russia (previously the Soviet Union), and China (Taylor Curtis, 2008 , p. 15), those states considered to be the swell powers at the time the UN was formed. In accordance with the Charter, in the incidence of a perceived threat to international peace the hostage Council first attempts to find a unbloody means to settle the issue. This is described in Chapter VI and may involve settlement or mediation. Other non-violent methods may include complete or overtone interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations (UN Charter article 41).Where violence is unavoidable the UN may sanction a peacekeeping mission with the objective of affecting a ceasefire or separating rival forces. The principles of UN with regards to international peace and security have now been described. It was the hope in 1945 that the Security Council could be used as a tool to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war (UN Charter Preamble). further I would argue that just kindred the League of Nations before it, the fundamental principles behind UNs security policies are flawed, rendering their aspiration for international peace impossible.It is my belief that the aforementioned policies of the Security Council are incompatible with the principle of state sovereignty, which is also endorsed as an aim of the UN in Article 2 (7) of the Charter, stating that Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially at heart the domestic jurisdiction of any state. F. H. Hinsley presents the idea of these two ideals strikeing in his book sovereignty (1966).The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 legitimized and standardized (Watson 1992) the practice of state sovereignty amongst major European powers, requiring them to recognize and respect the territorial integrity of other states. This is widely considered as being the formal introduction of state sovereignty into international relations. Sovereignty essentially refers to the supreme authority in a political community (basiclaw. electronic network 2004) and implies that states have the right to govern themselves, recognizing no higher authority. still even before such ideas were given proper recognition, states had always recognized their right to go to war for any reason whatever, on any pretext at all, if it judged war to be in its interests o r necessary for its security (Hindsley 1966p230). It follows that this right is encompassed within those of a sovereign state, which recognize no higher authority and so are free to do that which is in their best interests. Hinsley catchs out that after the end of the nineteenth century states clung tenaciously to this right, believing it to be fundamental to their sovereignty (1966 p. 30). Yet at the same time, following the devastation of the Second World War, states were undoubtedly disinclined to enter another global conflict. In an attempt to maintain peace the United Nations was formed. Hinsley wrote that the League of Nations Covenant was riddled with compromises which reflect the clash amidst their conviction that it had become imperative to restrict their right to go to war and their conviction that it remained impolitic or impossible to do so (1966).I would argue that the same could be said for the United Nations Charter, which simultaneously prohibits war whilst insist ing on state sovereignty. At the time when the UN was founded, this clash of interests represented in the Charter may not have been of great consequence. Nations were sick of war and were happy to respect sovereignty if it meant they could avert further conflict. This reflected the traditional belief that diplomats should ignore the informal affairs of states in order to preserve international stability (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 20). However over time shifts in the international environment would change this. During the cold war, member states were tentative when it came to any sort of interference within other sovereign states. This was demonstrated in Jean Kirkpatricks (1979) essay written in the fend for the preservation of brutal dictatorships in Latin America as a means of fighting communism without having to get directly involved (Forsythe 1988 259-60).Furthermore the go of decolonization had privileged statehood over justice, the UN having elevated the right to statehood abo ve any tests of viability, such as the existence of a nation, adequate economic mathematical operation (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 314). However with the end of the cold war came a shift in the attention of the international community towards individual political and civil rights, as well as the right to basic provisions like food, water, health care, and accommodation (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 314).Charles Beitz exemplified this, being amongst the first to argue against unconditional statehood, claiming that subsequent to independence there must be greater consideration of circumstances of the individual (Beitz 1979). It was argued that these circumstances of the individual were not merely a humanitarian concern, but could potentially be a threat to international peace and security. Evidence of a threat to international peace and security could be the appearance of signifi quite a littlet numbers of refugees, or the appreciation that other states might intervene militarily (Taylor Curt is, 2008).This developing association of morality with national interest in the UN agenda is what I believe brings to light the clash between the aspirations of the UN, one being to promoting international peace, the other being the preservation of the self-determination of peoples (UN Charter, article 1). In order to uphold the rights of individuals where they are being neglected, preventive is necessary. Here it seems the UN is caught in a catch 22. On the one hand they can neglect to take interventionist action in order to protect sovereignty.This can be seen in the reluctance of the UN intervene n Darfur which in 2009 had resulted in the death of up to 200,000 people and left 2. 7 million homeless (Tisdall, 2009). alternatively they have the option of a relaxation of the non-intervention principle (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 323). However this approach is equally problematic in attempting to ensure international peace, creating a slippery peddle whereby states will take military a ction without the approval of the UN (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 314). This is recognized by Hinsley, who points out that States easily exploit such loopholes.If they cannot plead self-defense for using force- a difficulty which they rarely encounter they can use it without declaring war or justify it by claiming that they are playacting in a good work as the Security Council would act if the Security Council were not stalled. (Hindsley, 1966 p. 233). The 2003 invasion of Iraq can be seen to illustrate this point. Before entering Iraq, America looked to gain UN approval. Whilst there has been great speculation over its motivations for doing so, the justification given to the UN was Iraqs supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction.The alleged presence of these meant the US could claim they were acting to protect the interests of their people. after the violation of human rights was also given as a justification. However the UN security council did not come to a decision in th e winter of 2003 and France and Russia jeopardise to veto a second Security Council resolution authorizing force (Taylor Curtis, 2008 p. 323). Regardless of this response a US-led coalition waged war in Iraq in March 2003. The Iraq War case study demonstrates the impotence of the UN to prevent major powers from pursuing their own agendas, even when these agendas threaten international security.In an interview with the BBC, the United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan has said, from our point of view and from the Charter point of view the war was illegal (2004). On the other hand a statement from the Bush administrations National Security Strategy of September 2002 (Taylor Curtis, 2008) claimed that the US will be prepared to act apart when our interests and unique responsibilities require (NSS, 2002 31). This perfectly illustrates how a state exercising its sovereignty, acting in its own special interests which in this scenario include going to war, is at odds with the principl es set out in the UN.I would argue that this failure in not a result of UN administration or procedure. It seems instead that the UN is based upon a flawed principle that attempts to encompass two opposing ideals. A ashes that acknowledges the situation that states internal affairs are of international consequence and therefore can potentially merit intervention, cannot at the same time achieve its aim to maintain international state sovereignty. We see America is unable to exercise its right as a sovereign state to wage war on Iraq under the terms of the Charter, and so must act outside it.Ultimately I would conclude that the ideals at the heart of the UN have rendered it powerless to prevent international conflict impossible. Likewise the ability to justify interventionist policies through the terms of the charter means that the UN can never fully achieve its aspiration to allow the self-determination of peoples. I have already touched somewhat upon another ambition set out in t he UN Charter, the aim to promote & protect human rights. However as yet I have only addressed human rights issues with a view to them potentially being a threat to international peace and security.I shall now go on to look at them in greater detail, explaining why I believe the UN has to some extent been successful, despite the fact that human rights abuse is still rife in the world today. A major problem faced by the UN in their efforts to spread human rights is a lack of trust between states that results in a breakdown of international cooperation. The inclusion of human rights earlier in the essay when focusing on issues regarding security and sovereignty highlights an important point.Since the rise in humanitarian intervention after the end of the cold war, there have been doubts about the extent to which humanitarian intervention is a separate legal or conceptual category (Welsh, 2006, p. 81). Between 1991-2000 there were 9 cases of humanitarian interventions in Northern Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, Albania, Sierra Leone, Kosovo and East Timor (Welsh, 2006). However in all but two cases the UN Security Council or independently acting states did not cite humanitarian considerations alone as a basis for intervention (Welsh 2006, p. 81).

Frito Lay Company Essay

Lets look at how the potato break came to be. In 1853 the first potato chip was invented by a chef at the Saratoga Springs in the raw York resort in 1853. It was created because one of the customers at the resort keep sending them back because they were too thick, pulpy and had no taste to it. Crum then(prenominal) decided to fry them and sprinkled them with salt for taste. They were soon a regular item on the menu. Later, around the 1920s they then go from restaurants to being massed produced. Once they came up with a focusing to keep them fresh and from breaking up, they were able to put them into mass production 1920s. Frito Lay was created in 1938 by Herman Lay. Frito Lay is one of the leading potato chip companies in the United States for many years. They continue to post recording breaking poetry in all told of their brands.One of their enduring brands is the Lays potato chips. These potato chips can be found in many different flavors. The currently ar barbecue, sour c ream and onion, cattle farm and many others. However, this industry is highly competitive and there are large manufactures that have many types of products and other pungencys. Smaller companies have found a way to compete with the larger companies. These small companies have gained footing by introducing the new healthier chips that are now being sold in health pabulum stores. A lot of concern ab out the Salt content is what enable smaller companies to compete. They focused on these healthier brands and have introduced a product that is whole opposite of the major brands. Lays has also added Dips to their brand. They currently consist of Ranch, French onion and etc. This was created because dip is consistently served with potato chips at events such(prenominal) as birthday parties, foot ball parties, luncheons and etc.Frito Lay Extended Enterprise Supply ChainFarm Manufacturer Warehouse/ Retailer Consumer Distributor When it comes to potato chips, the industries in the extende d supply are few. The first industry is the farm where the potato chip comes from. They are currently located in cities like North Dakota, New England, Florida, Michigan, Texas and California and etc. They are also located in Central and South America, Brazil, Europe, in Leicester and Coventry England, Asia, Middle East & Africa and India. These farms have been picked for their potatoes that will be used in the making of the potato chip. Because a potato is something you can grow yourself, it is very easy to make potato chips. However, these potatoes are planted and inured with the utmost of care to produce a high quality product. The potatoes are grown and harvested and then they are shipped to a Frito-Lay plant. When they arrived the first thing they do is laundry them. They are then peeled with the utmost care.Next they are then cut into slices and then rinsed again to remove particles produced from the cutting. They are then cooked in oils such as sunflower, canola and corn oi l. These are very important because they are considered all-natural oils. They contain 0g trans fat and are considered lower in saturated fats. Once dried, they are then sprinkled with salt for taste. Because creating these potato chips is so simple they can be created in less than a day. Once they are packaged, they are then sent out to distributions centers universe of discoursewide. This is where the products are stored and then loaded on to trucks and then taken out to stores, gas stations, vending machines and etc. Frito perplex currently grocerys to a wide phase of consumers. One consumer is high school teens and college age students.They have many different places where they consume the product. One of the ways in which they consume the product is in sports and pleasure areas such as movie theaters or sports stadiums. Another place it is being consumed is in the home. Frito Lay has focused on the snack side for many years. These are the type of people who would eat these snacks and did not care about their weight or being healthy. But recently, Frito Lay has changed to targeting more healthy consumers also. With the way the world is changing constantly, Frito-lay is always trying to keep up by targeting with the ever changing times. Because so many people are becoming health conscious, Frito-lay as also targeted this audience. They have come up with some products that allow the consumer to also focus on their health and physical appearance.In order for Frito-lay to stay competitive, it is patent that they have to target this demographic also because in the recent years some of their snacks have been losing sales. Another of their target audience is the Hispanic market. Hispanic market are targeted because the chips can sometime be the meal or a side dish to the meal. Also this demographic is constantly growing in numbers and have become an important and influential part of society. Frito-Lays wholesale and distribution consumers are also a major b usiness. They are the resellers such as retailers and wholesaler who buy Frito-Lays finished goods and resell them for a profit. Frito Lay also sells directly to large retailers and retail chains and through wholesalers to smaller retail units. Frito- Lays itself also targets big business customers of other companies.Lays identify prospective buyers, monitor current customers needs and levels of satisfactions, and personally attend to existing customers. Essentially, Frito lays target consumer consists of everyone. It consists of Frito-Lay constantly changing their product to keep up with the changing taste of the consumer. In getting the product to the consumer, Frito-Lay has experienced bottlenecks. This is usually seen with the individuals who regress the product to the shelves. They are the individuals who places the product on the shelves for the consumer to buy. Obviously this is a very important part of getting the product to the consumer. Frito-lay found that the sales port ions was hindering the device driver getting the product to the stores on time. Therefore, they separated the two which helped tremendously.ConclusionFrito-Lays new product development, advertising, and marketing efforts continues to help them to grow in the salty snack market. Frito-Lays measures economic activity which aids them in improving their organization. Their industrial production and manufacturing production had made them the leading snack food organization in the world. Frito-Lay continues to try and have an enormous amount of knowledge at its fingertips. It continues to ascertain seasonal local demand of all(prenominal) of its products and exactly how much inventory each store has at any time. By keeping track of this information, it helps to better plan seasonal and local promotions. By knowing specific inventory at each store, Frito-Lay could better plan and improve its routing and inventory systems.Referencesetinkaya, S., ster, H., Easwaran, G., & Keskin, B. (2009). An Integrated Outbound Logistics Model for Frito-Lay Coordinating Aggregate-Level Production and Distribution Decisions. Interfaces, 39(5), 460-475.Feld, C. S. (1990). Directed decentralization the Frito Lay story. fiscal Executive, 6(6), 22-25.Frito-Lay History. Frito-Lay North America, Inc.. Retrieved 4 January 2013 www.fritolay.comJacobson, G. (1989). How Frito-Lay Stays in the Chips. Management Review, 78(12), 11.

Corrections Accreditation and Privatization Essay

Corrections accreditation is intended to emend facility operations through adherence to clear standards relevant to all areas/operations of the facility, including safety, security, order, inmate care, programs, justice, and government activity (American Correctional Association, n.d.). Going through these types of processes can be very beneficial to a corrections officers development. Going through these procedures, the experience will assist them in belongings and maintaining a professional outlook in any situation. Correctional facilities are equipped with officers who are deft to not only keep everybody safe in the environment, moreover to maintain security and order at all times. These officers need to be professional just as anybody else would in any position inwardly a job.Their development lies in improving their thought process and their skill at the job when unavoidable and changes occur almost every day. Industry leaders can make good changes when hiring corrections officers. A good way simply being when hiring staff, there is no tolerance for illegal activities. Making improvements in their training programs, if need be. In addition to those, upgrading the facility with better measures as far as security. any of the things covered when being audited can make a difference to planning for better future outcomes. Prisons for some(a) time have been dealing with not only major financial situations in local, state, and federal governments, but overcrowding as well is a huge concern.Privatization as it refers to prisons is to both the takeover of existing public facilities by private operators, and to the building and operation of new and additional prisons by for-profit prison companies (Cheung, 2004). Due to the rising in state and federal population it is a concern to consider the all-around costs of incarceration, operation and management. It seems as though state and federal prisons have more of a professional practice, whereas a private intr omission might suffer because of demands, rising costs, conditions (depending on location), etc

Forest Conservation Essay

initiationThe June 1992 joined Nations Conference on Environment and culture (UNCED), underlined the necessity for all countries to develop harmonised approaches in the management, conservation and sustainable growth of global woodwindsss is essential to meet the socio-economic and environmental requisites of the present and future generations. To achieve this goal, the UNCED also realised, among others, the use up to sustain the multiple roles and functions of all types of lineaments, as well as the need to enhance set conservation, management, and global timber territory go after as outlined in Programmes A and B of Chapter 11 under Ag give the sacka 21, respectively. In addition, the need to disc all over the conservation and sustainable custom of biologic transformation is also emphasised under Chapter 15 of Agenda 21. While all these ar forthwith macrocosm recognised, the priority is to operationalise and go across the UNCED programmes, bearing in mind t hat the full execution of instrument of the adopted financial statement of woodland Principles and the various forestry programme bailiwicks under Agenda 21 is feasible precisely on the nucleotide of inter topic efforts towards attaining concrete goals. Hence, this paper is intended to provide a basis for discussion on the implementation of specific aspects of these programmes, especially that on forest conservation, enhancement of forest underwrite and the roles of forests, as well as to suggest possible areas of collaboration for national and global actions. 2. timbre CONSERVATIONForests are influenced by climate, reasonform and dishonor composition and they exist in a wide variety of forms in the tropical, moderate and circumboreal dresss of the universe of discourse. from each one forest type, evergreen and deciduous, coniferous and broadleaved, wet and dry, as well as approximated and open canopy forests, has its own uniqueness and together these forests compleme nt one another and perform the various socio-economic, ecological, environmental, cultural and ghostly functions. Re centime surveys on a global basis suggest that there are just about 1.4 million documented species, and the world-wide consensus is that this is an underestimate perhaps 5 50 million species exist in the ingrained ecosystems of forests, savannas, pastures and range globes, deserts, tundra, lakes and seas. Farmers fields and gardens are also importance repositories of biological resources. In this context, it has been acknowledged that forests are rich in biological resources. Though covering only 13.4 per cent of the Earths land surface, these forests contain half of all vertebrates, 60 per cent of all known plant species, and possibly 90 per cent of the worlds total species. However, recent studies find shown that temperate and boreal forests with their extremely varied ecosystems, in particular those in climatic and geographicalal areas where old-growt h forests still occur, may be counterbalance more diverse than tropical forests in terms of variation within many species. Eventhough temperate and boreal forests generally bewilder far less tree species than tropical forests, often having a tenth or less in total, certain temperate and boreal forests are now thought to be as diverse, or even more diverse, than their tropical counterparts. For example, old-growth forests in Oregon, U.S.A. are found to pee arthropods in leaf litter approaching 250 different species per second power meter with 90 genera being found in the H.J. Andrews Memorial Forest research area alone (Lattin, 1990). It has been suggested that a network of 500 protected and managed areas, with an average size of 200,000 hectares, covering 10 per cent of the stay old-growth/primary forests be the stripped-down acceptable target (Anon, 1991 & IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991). To enhance this networking and to optimise the global representativeness of these biogeographic a reas for the conservation of biological kind, a tend of these areas establish on mutually agreed terms by national governments should be formulated. It should also include the identification of these biogeographic areas and the development of joint mechanisms, as well as the quantification of the costs use upd and the identification of sources of fund needed to manage and conserve these areas. Joint mechanisms for possible international cooperation to establish transboundary biogeographic areas should also be implemented. However, it has been recognized that totally protected areas can never be sufficiently extensive to provide for the conservation of all ecological processes and for all species. Nonetheless, there is a need to establish a minimum acceptable national target to be designated as forest conservation areas in each country. This effort could be notwithstanding enhanced by establishing buffer zones of natural forests close to the protected area where an inner buffer zone is devoted to basic and applied research, environmental monitoring, handed-down land use, delight and tourism or environmental education and training and an outer buffer zone where research is applied to meet the needs of the local communities. Such management practices are in accordance with Principle 8(e) of the Forest Principles. Besides the need to enclothe aside conservation areas, it is now being progressively realised that sustainable deed of wood, through environmentally sound selective harvesting practices is one of the well-nigh effective ways in ensuring in-situ conservation of the biological diversity of forest ecosystems. Such selectively harvested and managed forests will retain most of the diversity of the old-growth/primary forests both(prenominal) in terms of human bodys and community of species. The economic value of the wood and the environmental benefits produced would fully justify investments made in maintaining the forest cover as exemplified in such practices in ensuring its sustainability. The implementation of environmentally sound selective harvesting practices would go a long way in promoting in-situ conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable drill of the forest resources. In this regard, the establishment of tree plantations would alleviate the pressure on over-harvesting the natural forests in skyline of the change magnitude demand of wood from the forests. The sustainable product of forest goods and services and the conservation of biological diversity in forest ecosystems, as well as the equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of the genetic resources would postulate concrete actions at both the national and international take aims. In this context, it is imperative that national policy and strategies, among others, should set target on the optimum forest area for forest conservation and for the sustainable production of goods and services, as well as outline relevant measure s to enhance both ex-situ and in-situ forest conservation during forest harvesting. In some cases, long term measures may include the rehabilitation and re-creation of old-growth/primary forests. In this connection, it is imperative that countries having a high proportion of their land areas under forest cover, especially the maturation countries, have access to new and additional financial resources and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and corresponding know-how on friendly terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as reflected in Principles 10 and 11 respectively, of the Forest Principles in evidence to manipulate the sustainable management, conservation and development of their forest resources. Moreover, trade in forest products should be based on non-discriminatory and multilaterally agreed rules and procedures consistent with international trade law and practices and unilateral measures,incompatible with international obligations or agreemen ts, to flash back and/or ban international trade in timber or other forest products should be removed or avoided as called for in Principles 13 (a) and 14 respectively, of the Forest Principles should be respected by the international community, in order to attain long-term sustainable forest conservation and management. 3. ENHANCEMENT OF FOREST COVEREnhancement of forest cover is to be viewed as a proactive measure taken to check up on and reverse the current trend of forest bloodline and degradation. In this context, the worlds forests have been under threat and are declining. It is estimated that forests covered four-fifths of the existing area at the beginning of the Eighteenth century. Of this total, somewhat half were in tropical regions and half in temperate and boreal regions. However, these forests are declining as a result of deforestation. By the mid-Nineteenth century, it was estimated that global forest cover had decreased to 3,900 million hectares or 30 per cent o f the worlds land area. The latest figure by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations as reflected in the Forest Resources Assessment 1990 had estimated that global forest cover as at the end of 1990 had further decreased to 3,188 million hectares or about 24.4 per cent of the worlds land area. Processes of decline and degradation of forest cover have led to an average annual departure of 0.6 per cent. Although the annual loss of temperate and boreal forests is said to be negligible in recent time, historically, large- scale deforestration had taken infinite in Europe during the Industrial Revolution to cater for the needs of agricultural expansion, building materials and industrial development (Hinde, 1985). In fact, it is estimated that almost 200 million hectares or more than 50 per cent of the original forest cover had been lost (UN, 1991). On the other hand, deforestation in the ontogeny world is a rather recent phenomenon delinquent to poverty, indebte dness and the change magnitude need for food, shelter and energy to cater for the growing population. In this regard, the four main causes of deforestation in developing countries are shifting cultivation, conversion to agriculture and pasture, wood removals for fuelwood and inappropriate timber utilisation, and the need for infrastructural development. For example, 39.5 per cent of the 1.54 million hectares of closed forest deforested between 1981 and 1990 in Africa was collectable to agriculture fallow and shifting cultivation, 35.1 per cent due to conversion to mainly permanent agriculture, and the balance 25.4 per cent due to over-exploitation and over-grazing (FAO, 1993a). However, as a result of repaird socio-economic development in Africa, the rate of deforestation due to agriculture fallow and shifting cultivation had in fact decreased by 27.2 per cent when compared to 66.7 per cent which was recorded during the period 1976- 1980 (UN, 1991). Besides the loss of forest cov er through deforestation, there has been a general degradation in the quality and health of global forests due to acid rain and other atmospheric pollutants, especially in developed countries, as well as through forest fires, unsustainable use as a result of inappropriate logging and fuelwood exploitation. The depletion of global forests and their degradation are causes for concern as they involve not only the loss of forest areas, but also the ultimate quality of the forests. If this trend is unchecked, the implications on the world would be catastrophic. Not only would the existence of all forest types be threatened, but the ability of these forests to perform their various roles and functions in perpetuity would also be seriously undermined. Hence, the need to address the decline in global forest areas and its degradation through enhancing forest cover is immediate. In this context, is the current global forest cover of 24.4 per cent sufficient? If not, what level of forest cov er should we aim for in order to ensure that forest resources and forest lands are sustainably managed to meet the needs of the present and future generations? At the ministerial Conference on Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change held in the Netherlands in November, 1989, the Noordwijk Declaration on Climate Change advocated a world net forest growth of 12 million hectares per grade by the turn of the century while a global forest cover of 30 per cent by the year 2000 was proposed at the second Ministerial Conference of Developing Countries on Environment and Development held in Malaysia in April, 1992. There is every indication that the existing global forest cover should be enhanced through greening of the world. In this connection, restoration of all deforested lands in the industrialised world to close to the original levels of forest coverage is improbable, but this does not mean significant reforestation and afforestation are impossible. altogether countries which aim fo r a sound environmental future should set themselves a target of a minimum level of forest cover to be maintained in perpetuity. Countries having more than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover after fetching into account their socio-economic development needs, particularly the developing countries, should be given incentives to improve the quality of their forests, as well as assistance given to reduce their addiction on wood especially as fuel. On the other hand, countries having less than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover, but have the means must increase and enhance their forest cover through rehabilitation and afforestation, which may include, in some cases, the conversion of heavily subsidised farms back to forests. As for those countries which are rich but are constrained by physical and climatic conditions to grow trees because of their geographic locations, they could play their roles by assisting the poorer countries in increasing and enhanc ing their forest cover. As the future of forests are not only dependent on their quantity, but their quality as well, it is pertinent that all forests, especially those temperate and boreal forests of the developed countries should be protected against air-borne pollutants, particularly that of acid deposition, which are harmful to the health of the forest ecosystems. take away measures should also be taken to protect forests from fire. 4. ROLES OF FORESTSA well-managed forest is a constantly self-renewing resource and provides a wide range of benefits at local, national and global levels. Some of these benefits depend on the forest being left untouched or subject to minimal interference while others can only be realised by harvesting the forest. Among the most important roles of forests are sustainable production of wood and timber products, provision of food, shelter and energy, mitigation of climate change, conservation of water and soil, as well as for recreation and ecotourism . Forests are also important repositories of biological diversity. In this regard, wood is of major economic importance as in 1990 the worlds production of industrial timber was about 1,600 million cubic metres, of which about 75 per cent came from the developed countries, while international trade in wood and wood products, as well as paper and pulp is estimated to worth US$96,000 million a year, of which about US$12,500 million comes from developing country exports (FAO, 1993b). Besides, currently fuelwood comprises about 85 per cent of the wood consumed in the developing countries and accounts for more than 75 per cent of total energy consumption in the poorest countries and that over 2,000 million the great unwashed use fuelwood as the primary source of fuel (UN, 1991). In recent years, attention has also been cogitate on the importance of non-wood forest products which include plants for food and medicinal purposes, fibres, dyes, animal fodder and other necessities. Indonesia, for example, earns an estimated US$120 million a year from rattans, resins, sandalwood, honey, natural silk and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds (FAO 1990), while the local production of bidi cigarette from the tendu leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon) in India provides part-time employment for up to half a million women (FAO, 1993b). In this connection, it has been estimated that more than 200 million people in the tropics live in the forests (FAO, 1993b) and in some parts of Africa as much as 70 per cent of animal protein comes from forest games such as birds and rodents (FAO, 1990). The economic value of forests in relation to floods and soil conservation is that they may allow for agricultural and even industrial development on floodplains because they contribute to the mitigation of the effects of floods and in minimizing soil erosion especially in mountainous and hilly areas. In fact a well- managed forest would provide a number of goods and services to meet basic human needs a s outlined in Annex I. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Forest Conservation(a) To strengthen efforts in forest conservation and the sustainable management of forest resources, it is imperative to ensure the participation of local community and that all national policy and strategies must indicate the forest area set aside for forest conservation and in the sustainable production of forest goods and services. In this context, developing countries must have access to new and additional financial resources and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies. (b) To further ensure sustainable forest conservation and sustainable forest management, the prices of timber and timber products at the grocery place must fully reflect both their replacement and environmental costs, and that trade in forest products should be non-discriminatory and any unilateral measures to restrict and/or ban their trade should be removed or avoided. Moreover, expenses needed for sustainable forest management, includi ng reforestation and afforestation must be included into the cost of all kinds of production obtained from the forest resources. (c) A global network of well-managed and adequate to(predicate)ly funded protected areas be established. In this regard, a list of biogeographic areas that is mutually agreed by national governments should be prepared to ensure global representativeness of forest conservation areas. (d) In order to ensure the sharing on mutually agreed terms of benefits and profits, including biotech- nology products derived from the utilisation of biological diversity, efficient and cost-effective methodologies should be developed to assess the biological resources of forests at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels, including the development of techniques to connect economic set to these resources. (e) In the light of the agreement at UNCED and in accordance with the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity, existing forest harvesting practices shoul d be critically reviewed to ensure effective in-situconservation of biological diversity during forest utilisation. Countries should also endeavour to identify forest ecosystems or even landscapes that are threatened with irreversible changes, as well as their causes so as to enable prompt actions to be taken to arrest them. 5.2 Enhancement of Forest Cover(a) Maintaining and enhancing forest cover, reforestation or afforestation will incur costs, either from opportunities predate for alternative uses, or from benefits lost from existing land uses. Policy responses must take this into account. The legitimate rights of countries over their natural resources must be upheld. An equitable framework must be found to provide adequate compensation to those countries who undertake action to sustainably manage their forests in the wider interests of global environmental enhancement. (b) All countries should work towards increasing their level of forest cover to be achieved over a speci- fied time-frame and actions be taken to prepare and implement national forestry action programmes and/or plans for the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests as called for in para 11.12(b) of Chapter 11 under Agenda 21. Countries having less than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover, but have the means must undertake concerted efforts to increase their forest cover while rich countries which are constrained by physical and climatic factors to increase their forest cover could assist the poorer nations in increasing and enhancing their forest cover. Countries having more than 30 per cent of their land areas under forest cover after taking into account their socio-economic development needs should be recognised and appropriate incentives should be given to encourage them to improve the quality of their forests. 5.3 Roles of Forests(a) To effectively enhance the roles of forests in meeting basic human needs, it is extremely important that the cardina l causes of deforestation such as poverty, population pressures, the need for food, shelter and fuel, as well as indebtedness, particularly in the developing countries, must be critically addressed. A consultative and participatory approach should be adopted involving all stakeholders. (b) For the development of management measures to be effective, full knowledge on the distribution and values of non-wood forest resources should be made available at the level compatible to those currently available for the wood resources. (c) At the landscape level, each territory should set a minimum area of forest land to safeguard the climate-and-water characteristics of the forest and that the integrity of the forest ecosystem is protected. (d) Public awareness of the roles of forests should be strengthened at the level of social and professional groups, as well as at the family level so as to ensure that the important ecological and environmental functions of forests are further enhanced for bo th the present and future generations. 6. consequenceThe above recommendations are some of the possible options that could be considered for the effective implementation of specific UNCED programmes, particularly that on forest conservation, enhancement of forest cover and roles of forsts in meeting basic human needs. Concrete actions both at the national and international levels are imperative for their effective implementation.

Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry

Yeats believed that finesse and political science were intrinsically linked and use his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, as well as to educate his readers about Irish cultural history. From an untimely age, Yeats felt a deep connection to Ireland and his national identity, and he thought that British regulate negatively impacted Irish politics and social life.His early(a) compilation of folklore sought to teach a literary history that had been suppressed by British rule, and his early poems were odes to the beauty and mystery of the Irish countryside. This work frequently integrated references to myths and mythic fingerbreadths, including Oisin and Cuchulain. As Yeats became more than pertain in Irish politicsthrough his relationships with the Irish National Theatre, the Irish Literary Society, the Irish republican Brotherhood, and Maud Gonnehis poems increasingly resembled policy-making manifestos.Yeats wrote numerous poems about Irelands involvement in World War I (An Irish Airman Foresees His termination 1919, A Meditation in Time of War 1921), Irish nationalists and semi policy-making activists (On a Political Prisoner 1921, In computer memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz 1933), and the easterly Rebellion (Easter 1916 1916). Yeats believed that art could serve a political function poems could both critique and gossipmonger on political withalts, as well as educate and inform a population. The Impact of batch and the Divine on HistoryYeatss devotion to mysticism led to the development of a unique ghostlike and philosophic system that emphasized the fictional character of quite a little and historical determinism, or the whimsy that events have been preordained. Yeats had jilted Christianity early in his life, but his lifelong study of mythology, Theosophy, spiritualism, philosophy, and the mysterious demonstrate his profound interest in the divine and how it interacts with humanity. Over the signifier o f his life, he created a complex system of spirituality, using the get a line of engagement gyres (similar to spiral cones) to map out the development and reincarnation of the soul.Yeats believed that history was determined by fate and that fate revealed its plan in moments when the human and divine interact. A tone of historically determined inevitability permeates his poems, peculiarly in translations of situations of human and divine interaction. The divine takes on many forms in Yeatss poetry, sometimes literally (Leda and the Swan 1923), sometimes abstractly (The Second flood tide 1919). In other poems, the divine is only gestured to (as in the sense of the divine in the Byzantine mosaics in Sailing to Byzantium 1926).No matter what shape it takes, the divine signals the role of fate in determining the course of history. The Transition from Romanticism to Modernism Yeats started his long literary life history as a romantic poet and gradually explicated into a forward-lo okingist poet. When he began publishing poetry in the 1880s, his poems had a lyrical, romantic style, and they foc utilize on love, longing and loss, and Irish myths. His early writing follows the conventions of romantic meter, utilizing familiar create verbally schemes, metric patterns, and poetic structures. Although it is lighter than his later writings, his early poetry is still sophisticated and accomplished.Several factors contributed to his poetic growing his interest in mysticism and the occult led him to explore spiritually and philosophically complex subjects. Yeatss frustrated romantic relationship with Maud Gonne caused the starry-eyed romantic idealism of his early work to establish more knowing and cynical. Additionally, his concern with Irish subjects evolved as he became more closely connected to nationalist political causes. As a result, Yeats shifted his focus from myth and folklore to contemporary politics, often linking the two to make potent statements that reflected political agitation and turbulence in Ireland and abroad.Finally, and most significantly, Yeatss connection with the changing face of literary gardening in the early twentieth century led him to pick up some of the styles and conventions of the modernist poets. The modernists experimented with verse forms, precipitously engaged with contemporary politics, challenged poetic conventions and the literary tradition at large, and rejected the notion that poetry should but be lyrical and beautiful. These influences caused his poetry to become darker, edgier, and more concise.Although he never abandoned the verse forms that provided the sounds and rhythms of his rather poetry, there is still a noticeable shift in style and tone over the course of his c beer. Motifs Irish Nationalism and Politics Throughout his literary career, Yeats incorporated distinctly Irish themes and issues into his work. He used his writing as a tool to comment on Irish politics and the home rule movem ent and to educate and inform people about Irish history and culture. Yeats also used the scope of the Irish countryside to retell stories and legends from Irish folklore.As he became increasingly involved in nationalist politics, his poems took on a patriotic tone. Yeats addressed Irish politics in a variety of ways sometimes his statements are explicit political commentary, as in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death, in which he addresses the hypocrisy of the British use of Irish soldiers in World War I. Such poems as Easter 1916 and In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz address individuals and events connected to Irish nationalist politics, bandage The Second Coming and Leda and the Swan subtly include the idea of Irish nationalism.In these poems, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poems are not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, and war, Yeats engaged in an minimize commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeatss active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. Mysticism and the occult arts Yeats had a deep fascination with mysticism and the occult, and his poetry is infused with a sense of the otherworldly, the spiritual, and the unknown.His interest in the occult began with his study of Theosophy as a young man and expanded and developed through his participation in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a mystical secret society. Mysticism figures prominently in Yeatss discussion of the reincarnation of the soul, as well as in his philosophical model of the conic gyres used to explain the journey of the soul, the passage of time, and the guiding hand of fate. Mysticism and the occult occur over again and again in Yeatss poetry, most explicitly in The Second Coming but also in poems such as Sailing to Byzantium and The Magi (1916).The rejection of Christian principles in fa vor of a more supernatural draw close to spirituality creates a unique flavor in Yeatss poetry that impacts his discussion of history, politics, and love. Irish story and Folklore Yeatss participation in the Irish political system had origins in his interest in Irish myth and folklore. Irish myth and folklore had been suppressed by church doctrine and British control of the shoal system. Yeats used his poetry as a tool for re-educating the Irish population about their heritage and as a strategy for developing Irish nationalism.He retold entire folktales in epic poems and plays, such as The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and The Death of Cuchulain (1939), and used fragments of stories in shorter poems, such as The Stolen Child (1886), which retells a parable of fairies luring a child away(predicate) from his home, and Cuchulains Fight with the Sea (1925), which recounts part of an epic where the Irish folk hero Cuchulain battles his long-lost son by at the edge of the sea. Other poem s deal with subjects, images, and themes culled from folklore.In Who Goes with Fergus? (1893) Yeats imagines a meeting with the exiled wandering king of Irish legend, while The Song of Wandering Aengus (1899) captures the experiences of the lovelorn matinee idol Aengus as he searches for the beautiful first seen in his dreams. Most important, Yeats infused his poetry with a rich sense of Irish culture. Even poems that do not deal explicitly with subjects from myth retain mightinessful tinges of indigenous Irish culture.Yeats often borrowed word selection, verse form, and patterns of imagery shockingctly from traditional Irish myth and folklore. Symbols The Gyre The gyre, a circular or conical shape, appears frequently in Yeatss poems and was developed as part of the philosophical system outlined in his book A Vision. At first, Yeats used the phases of the moon to articulate his belief that history was structured in terms of ages, but he later settled upon the gyre as a more re claimable model.He chose the image of interlocking gyresvisually represented as two intersecting conical spiralsto symbolize his philosophical belief that all things could be described in terms of cycles and patterns. The soul (or the civilization, the age, and so on) would move from the smallest halt of the spiral to the largest before moving along to the other gyre. Although this is a difficult concept to grasp abstractly, the image makes sense when applied to the waxing and waning of a particular historical age or the phylogeny of a human life from youth to adulthood to old age.The symbol of the interlocking gyres reveals Yeatss belief in fate and historical determinism as well as his spiritual attitudes toward the development of the soul, since creatures and events must evolve according to the conical shape. With the image of the gyre, Yeats created a shorthand reference in his poetry that stood for his entire philosophy of history and spirituality. The Swan Swans are a common symbol in poetry, often used to designate idealized nature. Yeats employs this convention in The Wild Swans at Coole (1919), in which the regal birds represent an unchanging, flawless ideal.In Leda and the Swan, Yeats rewrites the classical myth of Zeus and Leda to comment on fate and historical inevitability Zeus disguises himself as a swan to rape the unsuspecting Leda. In this poem, the bird is fearsome and destructive, and it possesses a divine power that violates Leda and initiates the dire consequences of war and devastation depicted in the final lines. Even though Yeats clearly states that the swan is the god Zeus, he also emphasizes the physicality of the swan the beating wings, the dark webbed feet, the long neck and beak.Through this description of its physical characteristics, the swan becomes a violent divine force. By rendering a well-known poetic symbol as violent and terrifying rather than idealized and beautiful, Yeats manipulates poetic conventions, an act of lit erary modernism, and adds to the power of the poem. The Great Beast Yeats employs the figure of a great beasta horrific, violent animalto exist difficult abstract concepts. The great beast as a symbol comes from Christian iconography, in which it represents malign and darkness.In The Second Coming, the great beast emerges from the Spiritus Mundi, or soul of the universe, to function as the primary image of death in the poem. Yeats describes the onset of apocalyptic events in which the blood-dimmed tide is loosed and the ceremony of innocence is drowned as the world enters a new age and falls apart as a result of the widening of the historical gyres. The speaker system predicts the arrival of the Second Coming, and this prediction summons a vast image of a frightening monster pulled from the collective consciousness of the world.Yeats modifies the well-known image of the sphinx to embody the poems vision of the climactic coming. By rendering the terrifying prospect of disruption and change into an easily imagined horrifying monster, Yeats makes an abstract fear become tangible and real. The great beast slouches toward Bethlehem to be born, where it will evolve into a second Christ (or anti-Christ) figure for the dark new age. In this way, Yeats uses distinct, concrete imagery to symbolize complex ideas about the state of the modern world.